Because eating it makes us happy. Seriously?Yes, seriously. How does that work?Well, when you eat chocolate, your brain releases dopamine. What's dopamine?It's a type of chemical known as a neurotransmitter, meaning it controls communication within the brain. Dopamine is stored in some of our neurons (brain cells). When something happens that we enjoy or is unexpectedly pleasant, these neurons release dopamine. This causes us to feel good and makes us want to do whatever caused the dopamine release more often. So, what does dopamine have to do with chocolate?As I stated earlier, when we eat chocolate, dopamine is released. Yeah, but why?Well, dopamine makes a connection between an action and a positive outcome, which our brain remembers so we can repeat that action more often. Now, you probably can't remember the first time you ate chocolate, but your brain remembers the dopamine released. It helps that chocolate is often associated with other positive things, particularly love (thanks, Valentine's Day). So, it's just because of the meMories we have associated with chocolate?Not entirely. In fact, a lot of it has to do with the actual eating experience. For example, one popular characteristic of chocolate is that it melts in your mouth. Research has found that our brains react to this sensation the same way they react to a passionate kiss. Additionally, the creaminess of chocolate on account of the added sugar and fat to the essential ingredient, cocoa, is appealing to our senses. See, back when we were hunter-gatherers, sugars and fats were hard to find, so, when we did find them, we were hard-wired to eat as much as possible to ensure survival. Furthermore, the only natural food that has a similar fat-to-sugar ratio to chocolate's is human breast milk, perhaps resulting in our brains recalling the security and satisfaction we felt when receiving our only nourishment as infants. Then there's no chemical in chocolate that makes it addictive?Well, there is anandamide. What's anandamide?Anandamide is a feel-good chemical found in chocolate that is naturally produced in the brain. It relaxes muscles and causes a feeling of bliss. In fact, it is similar to a chemical found in marijuana. However, there are very little amounts of anandamide in chocolate, so we can’t get a chocolate high. This doesn’t mean the anandamide has no effect on us. It does tend to relax us a little, and it’s considered to be the reason chocolate smells so good. So, why does chocolate taste so good?Chocolate tastes good because it releases dopamine in our brains to to our association of it with good memories. Additionally, it has a smooth texture, includes previously-scarce ingredients essential to survival, and smells great because on account of the anandamide. Curious? Here's some more information!
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Transposing. It’s called transposing. What's transposing?In the music world, transposing is writing or playing the music in a different key from the original. wait, but if most of the instruments in a band played in different keys, wouldn't It sound awful?You would think so, but that’s not the case. See, transposing instruments are playing the same note, but it's written differently. Huh?Yeah, it's pretty confusing. Let’s look at some examples. The flute, for example, is a concert pitch instrument, meaning it doesn’t transpose. This means that, when a flute plays a C, a C comes out. When an alto saxophone plays a C, however, an E♭comes out. When a typical (B♭) clarinet plays a C, a B♭ comes out. So, each instrument has a Different C?Sort of. It's better to think of there being different names for the same note. So, to play C, a flautist fingers a C, an alto saxophonist fingers an A, and a clarinetist fingers a D. The note would sound the same on all of the instruments, but the note has a different name in each instrumentalist's mind. Doesn't that get confusing?Yes, it does. It helps that there are general rules for transpositions (alto saxophones transpose down a Major 6th, and clarinets transpose down a Major 2nd), but it’s still really confusing for everyone involved. So, why do we still have transposing instruments? Can't we change them so they're all in the same key?We can, and we have. The C clarinet is a thing, and it's C is a C (as opposed the B♭ clarinet we’ve been discussing, whose C is a B♭). Then why do people still use the B♭ clarinet?Well, one of the main reasons is because it keeps the fingering the same within the clarinet family, allowing a clarinetist to easily pick up the contrabass clarinet and play it pretty much perfectly since they play the same notes. But couldn't you just make all instruments C instruments and keep the fingerings Similar?You could, but some instruments impossible to read sheet music for. The piccolo, which transposes a Major 8th (octave) lower, would have no notes on the actual staff. This is the same reason why the contrabass clarinet transposes up a Major 8th (octave) from the B♭clarinet: it's easier to read. It also makes both of these instruments read like their more typical counterparts, allowing for flautists (like me!) to play piccolo and clarinetists to play contrabass. I mean, that makes sense, but why are flutes, Saxophones, and clarinets all in differenT keys? They aren't similar.Well, transposing also makes it easier for woodwind players to switch between instruments as the fingerings remain fairly similar between these instruments. The same goes for brass instruments, as many of them also share fingerings, such as the trumpet and the tuba. While a C on the two instruments won’t sound the same because of their transpositions, it will have the same fingering, making reading the music one less challenge to tackle when switching instruments. So, why don't most instruments cAll notes what they actually are?Most instruments don’t call notes what they actually are because they are transposing instruments, making their sheet look a little nicer and making it easier to switch between instruments in the same family. Curious? Here's some more information!
Because we're thirsty. yeah, but why animal milk?Well, for starters, we don’t drink the milk of most animals. In fact, there are over 5,000 milk-producing mammals on Earth, including everything from camels to dolphins. So, why don't we drink camel milk?Actually, camel milk has been growing in popularity over the past few years. Most notably, the Camelatte, a common drink in Dubai, has made its way to the United Kingdom, where it has flourished. The reason Americans usually drink cow milk is rooted in the fact that they can live in a wide range of environments. Additionally, as cows have traditionally been the primary source of milk in the US, non-cow milk is almost taboo. While cows produce a whopping 83% of the world's milk, they are followed by buffaloes with 13%, goats with 2%, sheep with 1%, camels with 0.4%, and other animals (such as yaks and reindeer) making up the remaining 0.6%. Wait, Buffaloes are the second largest producer of milk?Yes. The water buffalo is the primary producer of milk in South Asia, with 95% of all water buffalo populations residing in the Asian continent. This is because buffaloes are best suited to these wet, tropical regions. what makes an animal a good milk producer anyway?Usually, these animals have docile temperaments, are easy to feed, have large utters, and lactate for long periods of time. For example, while goats are smaller, they also need to move around a lot more and do not produce as much milk, making cows a much better choice for milk production. Why do we need milk in the first place?Well, milk is naturally a very nutrient-rich liquid as it provides newborn mammals with everything they need until they are able to eat real, solid food. But, if milk is for babies, then do we really need it?Technically, no. However, milk isn’t just used for drinking. Most of the world's milk actually goes to making cheeses and butter, which have become staple ingredients in modern society. Additionally, we as a species have used domesticated cattle since about 2000 BC, so we’ve been leaning on their resources for a while. We have even adapted the ability to digest lactose to enable us to consume more milk. So, why do we drink other ANimals' milk?We drink animal milk because it is convenient, provides us with nutrients, and makes things taste really good. Curious? Here's some more information!
Because whoever invented it made it short. Who invented February?The Ancient Romans. Really?Yes, really. The word “February” comes from the Latin februare (meaning “to purify”) as February was the last month on the Roman calendar and contained the Roman feast of purification, Februa. So, the calendar started in march?Exactly. In fact, the names for September, October, November, and December are rooted in the Latin numbers septem (seven), octō (eight), novem (nine), and decem (ten) as they were the last of the ten months. Wait, what two months are missing?January and February. I thought february was a month.It is, but it wasn’t originally. See, the first Roman calendar had ten months loosely based on the lunar cycle, with six months of 30 days and four of 31. This worked for early Rome since the civilization was largely agrarian, with March beginning the planting season and December ending the harvesting season. The time in between was unimportant to the Roman farmer, so they didn’t bother naming it. So, where did february come from?A long process of calendar revisions. Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, created the months January and February to fill the winter, but there was a problem with the numbers. See, the Romans had a fear of even numbers. To remedy this, March, May, July, and October kept their 31 days, while January, April, June, August, September, and December went down to 29. February remained 28 to ensure there were an odd number of days in the year and became a month of purification. What happened to the 29-day months?Well, the calendar our friend Numa Pompilius came up with was still based on lunar months and only had 355 days, 10.25 days short of our solar calendar. These days started adding up, and eventually the calendar started not syncing up with growing seasons. Julius Caesar himself decided to fix this, creating a solar calendar comprised of January (31 days), February (28 days), March (31 days), April (30 days), May (31 days), June (30 days), July (31 days), August (31 days), September (30 days), October (31 days), November (30 days), and December (31 days). So, why is feBruary so short?February is short because it is traditionally the time of the Roman festival of purity, which was created because of a superstition of even numbers. Curious? Here's some more information!
I don’t know. Honestly, it depends on your situation. Well, generally, what should i do first?Be familiar with your surroundings, especially any and all potential exits, not just the main one. You should also be alert for suspicious actions. Finally, don’t hesitate. While it can be hard to recognize the sound of gunshots, especially indoors, where someone dropping a binder can make a similar noise, generally gunshots will be repeated. Once you hear them, or see someone running away in panic, take action. So, running drills will be helpful, right?Wrong. A key component of survival is flexibility, and, when drilled with the same routine, any complications mixed with the panic of a life-or-death situation can be fatal. Additionally, many shooters are from within whatever community they attack, so drills could notify them of potential gathering places. However, it is important to have a plan of some sort and train personnel in charge of the safety of the group (security guards, teachers, administrators, etc.) what the procedures should be. It is also important that each person be educated on how to approach the situation and make the best plan possible, as the stress of such an event can make the brain not work to its fullest ability. is there anything i can do to make sure my brain doesn't Freeze up on me?Yes. Taking a few deep breaths always helps. Another strategy is to shift your emotions from fear of the shooter to anger, allowing you to remain in control of your thought processes. Whatever you do, don’t freeze up. Always take an action of some sort. Ok, then what do i Do when the shooter opens fire?Avoid the shooter/Evacuate. This goes back to finding any and all possible exits. Don’t stop for important belongings or injured individuals. While this may seem selfish, it is more important to escape in order to alert others in the vicinity and give emergency services enough time to arrive. Whatever you do, don’t pull the fire alarm, as this exposes people who would’ve been safer climbing out windows rather than going through fire exits and causes general chaos. In fact, the shooter last week in Parkland, Florida pulled the fire alarm for this very reason. Instead, yell “gun” as you run or notify the person in charge of such situations. Be sure to keep barriers between you and the shooter and run in a zig-zag to avoid injury. But what if i can't avoid the shooter?Deny access/Hide out. The first step of this is to make sure the shooter cannot see you. If possible, you should lock or barricade the door. Turn the lights off, silence your phone, and remain very still to keep the gunman off your trail. However, your hiding space should still, if possible, have an available exit of some sort in case you are found. So, I should play dead?No, absolutely not. While there are some success stories of this method, shooters generally tend to continue to shoot into people lying around. Even if you are injured, you should look for the most accessible hiding place/escape route and keep going. Then, what if i can't hide, or I'm trapped?Defend yourself/Take action. Remember that you have the right to do so; don’t feel bad. Be as aggressive as possible, using the objects in you surroundings, such as scissors or textbooks, as weaponry, and aim for spots such as the eyes, neck, and groin. I know it sounds ruthless, but remember, this is about not only your survival, but the survival of those around you. Everything you do counts and could save lives. If i have a gun, can i use it?You probably shouldn’t. See, when emergency personnel arrive, they are looking for a gunman. Holding your gun would make you fit this description. Obviously, this is circumstantial, but generally having a gun out at the location of a shooting should be avoided. What if someone i'm with is injured?Wait until you can address the injuries without jeopardizing your own safety. If hiding, only open the door when your sure the shooter is clear. Not doing so could endanger everyone in the room. For more intense injuries, try to apply a tourniquet, if possible, to slow the bleeding, but remember to be careful, as untrained people can cause harm in doing so. Worst case scenario, do whatever possible to limit blood flow, as people suffering from such injuries typically only have a few minutes to live. If someone only has a less severe injury, elevate the bleeding area and apply to help stop blood flow. It’s also important to have people run hands down their bodies to check for injuries, as people can be shot without even realizing in in such stressful situations. When do i call emergency services?As soon as it’s safe to do so. If you have safely evacuated, then call 911 immediately and answer any questions asked by the dispatcher. If you don’t know the answers, say so. It’s important for officers to know the situation they are heading into. If you are in a secure hiding place, then as soon as you deem it safe to do so. Remember to keep volume to a minimum. If necessary, turn the volume off and leave the dispatcher on speaker phone so they can hear the situation. What can i do when the police arrive?You should remain calm, listen to them, put down anything you have in your hands, and place your hands up with your fingers spread to ensure you aren’t perceived as a threat. You also shouldn’t shout at them or make sudden movements, as these actions could alert the shooter to your location. It is important to remember that the first officers on the scene aren’t there to deal with injuries, but to apprehend the shooter and make a safe path for rescue teams, who will then treat injuries. So, What should i do to surviVe a mass shooting?To increase your chances of survival, you should evacuate, hide out, and take action, in that order, contacting emergency services as soon as possible. ALERRT (Advanced Law Enforcement Rapid Response Training) uses the acronym ADD for Avoid, Deny, and Defend. Either way, when the time comes, all of the decisions made are up to you, and only you can ensure your survival. Don’t hesitate or freeze: use these guidelines and your own abilities save yourselves and others. CurIous? Here's some more information!
Because the IOC hasn’t added it. What's the IOC?The International Olympic Committee. They are in charge of planning the Olympic Games, ensuring everything runs smoothly, and making sure the games are the best and most fair possible for all parties, among other tasks. One such task is choosing what sports are open for competition every four years. so, what does a sport need to Qualify as olympic-worthy?According to the Olympic Programme Commission, the branch of the IOC that “has responsibility of analysing the programme of sports for both the Games of the Olympiad and Olympic Winter Games,” the sports included must:
Well, is snowshoeing too expensive/complicated/unpopular?No, no, and no. The basic set up for a snowshoe race is a lot of snow and a path of some sort. This is neither complex nor expensive when considering the fact that Olympic events such as cross-country skiing require a similar setup. As for its popularity, there were about 4,029,000 snowshoers throughout the US in the winter of 2012-2013 according to a SIA/Physical Activity Council 2013 Participation Study, published by Snowsports Industries America (SIA). This number surpassed the number of cross-country skiers (3,307,000) for the second year in a row. As cross-country skiing is a popular Olympic event, it makes no sense that snowshoeing is left out for these reasons. Then, does it lack a histOry or tradition?Absolutely not. Several native groups, particularly in the snowier parts of North America have been using snowshoes for literally thousands of years. The United States Snowshoe Association offers an in-depth look at how snowshoes have evolved, along with their purpose, over this time on their website. Is there an international sNowShoeing federation?Yes, there is. The International Snowshoe Federation (ISSF) is approved by the IOC and organizes events and competitions worldwide. So, it doesn't meet the reCommendations layed out in Olympic Agenda 2020.Actually, it does. In fact, snowshoeing is one of the many events included in the winter Special Olympics, which is guided by the same recommendations. Wait, then what's the problem?Money. While the official IOC website states “The goal of the Olympic Movement is to contribute to building a peaceful and better world by educating youth through sport practised without discrimination of any kind, in a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play,” they still need to make a profit in order to keep things running smoothly. Let’s face it: even I didn’t really care about snowshoeing being snubbed until I did my research. A majority of the games that have been recently added to the Olympic Winter Games originated in the Winter X Games and are a lot more popular with the youth of the world watching at home. While more people may be running around in snowshoes, even more people sitting at home on their couches want to see Red Gerard flip through the air during the snowboard slopestyle event. So, why isn't snowshoeing an olympic sport?Snowshoeing isn’t an Olympic sport because, while it meets the necessary criteria, it falls short in viewership popularity, which is where it really counts. curious? Here's some more info!
What do you mean? An African or European swallow? I don't know!Well, there are 75 swallow species spread throughout the world. Of these species, about 37 reside in Africa, with only the West African swallow and the South African cliff swallow bearing the continent's name. On the other hand, the barn swallow is also referred to as the European swallow, so it's pretty clear where to look for data. So, which one are we going to use?Given that there have been significantly more studies on barn swallows, we're going to take a look at the European swallow. Wait, what is airspeed velocity anyway?It's “the relative velocity between some object,” or, for our purposes, between the swallow and the air. so, how do we find it?We use the Strouhal number, which can be calculated for birds as wingbeat frequency multiplied by stroke amplitude all over cruising speed. Stroke amplitude can be found using the formula bsin(theta/2), where b is wingspan, or the length of the wings, and theta is the stroke angle, or the angle between the highest and lowest wingtips. Cruising speed is the speed of the bird through the air, and therefore is the airspeed Velocity. So, to find the airspeed velocity of a barn swallow, we must know its Strouhal number, wingspan, stroke angle, and wingbeat frequency. in order to maintain airspeed velocity, a swallow needs to beat its wings 43 times every second, right?Wrong. In fact, according to a 2002 study done on barn swallows and house martins flying in free flight and wind tunnels “Compared with other species of similar size, the swallow has quite low wingbeat frequency and relatively long wings.” The results of the study found that the wingbeat frequencies of barn swallows range from 2.5 to 8.4 times every second, not 43. For a nice estimate, we can use the median numbers of 6.95 and 7.07 beats per second. What about the other variables?Well, the wingspans of the two aforementioned swallows are 0.318 meters for Swallow 1 and 0.328 meters for Swallow 2. At this point, as a non-professional, I turned to the work of someone who really knows what they’re talking about. Professor Graham Taylor of Oxford University found the stroke angles of the two birds to be about 95 and 90 degrees, respectively. This allows us to calculate a stroke amplitude of about 0.23 meters for both birds. The last number we need is the Strouhal number. Lucky for us, Taylor found Strouhal numbers of 0.18 and 0.19, respectively for the birds. All that is left to do is to find the average airspeed velocity by adding the two resulting cruising speeds (8.89 meters per second and 8.86 meter per second) and dividing them by two. So, what is the airspeed velocity of an unladen swallow?About 8.8 meters per second, or 20 miles per hour. Now, you may cross the Bridge of Death (and there was much rejoicing). curious? Here's some more info!
First, you need to understand how batteries work. Ok, how do batTeries work?Batteries are composed of three parts: the anode, the cathode, and the electrolyte. What do each of those do?Let's start with the anode, better known as the negative end of the battery. All it is is a piece of metal with a chemical that makes it act as a negative terminal, or have a buildup of electrons. The cathode is the same thing, but positive, meaning it lacks electrons. However, there needs to be something separating the anode from the cathode, since electrons are attracted to positive areas in an attempt to balance the charges. That’s where the electrolyte comes in. It’s a typically a liquid, and it separates the anode and cathode. So, how does all that make electricity?Well, electricity is the flow of electrons. Think back to the battery and lightbulb circuit experiment you did in elementary school (or click here for those of you who missed out). The wire serves as a conductor, attracting electrons. Electrons flow from the anode (called oxidation) through the wire and whatever else is connected to the circuit (like a lightbulb) until they reach the cathode and flow into the electrolyte (called reduction). When does the battery run out?When there are no more electrons to leave the anode. So, how Do you recharge it?By reversing this process. The application of electricity from an external source, such as an outlet or another battery, can generate enough energy to reverse the flow of electrons back to the anode. then why do RECHARGEABLE batteries eventUally die?There's only so much recharging one battery can take. Eventually, irregularities occur in the anode, reducing the amount of electrons it can hold, limiting the life of the battery slowly but surely. Irregularities can even ruin the flow of electrons entirely, killing the battery. Either way, no battery will last forever. So, how do RECHARGEABLE batteries work?Rechargeable batteries work by reversing the flow of electrons from anode to cathode to electrolyte in order to provide an electron buildup in the anode, once more giving the battery its electricity generating potential. Curious? Here's some more information!
Um, because they’re delicious. But why can't we cook cookies and bake bacon?To answer this question, we must delve into the world of etymology. etymology?Yes, etymology. For those of you not well versed in your -ologies, it’s the study of the history and origin of words and how their meanings have changed over time. What does that have to do with cooking bacon?Ok, so the problem we seem to be having is that the verb “to bake” sounds a lot more like “bacon” than “cookie,” the opposite is true for the verb “to cook,” and yet it is grammatically incorrect to bake bacon and cook cookies. Am I right? Yes, and doN't Similar words share the same roots?Not necessarily. The word “bacon,” for instance, comes from the Old French bacon, translating to “meat from the back and sides of a hog.” However, “bake” comes from the Old English bacan, meaning “to cook by dry heat in a closed place or on a heated surface.” Although the words sound similar, one comes from an Old French word for back meat, and the other comes from an Old English word for cooking. Clearly there is very little correlation between the meanings of the words. But what about “cookies”?Well, the word “cookie” comes from the Dutch koekje, meaning “little cake.” “Cook,” on the other hand, roots itself in the Latin coquus, from coquere, meaning “to cook, prepare food, ripen, digest, turn over in the mind.” Once again, sounding similar is merely a coincidence. Ok, so whAt's the difference between “bake” and “cook”?Despite their different roots, “bake” and “cook” seem to have the same meaning. Definition wise, this is fairly true, as baking is considered a type of cooking. However, talk to a culinary expert and it’s a different story. Baking typically refers to cooking food in an oven of some sort, especially if the food is flour-based. This applies to cookies, but not so much to bacon. Furthermore, the words “cooking” and “baking” imply how the food is prepared. Baking is an exact science: directions must be followed exactly in order for the food to be a success. Cooking, on the other hand, is much more fluid. (Think Remy cooking soup in Disney's Ratatouille.) Simlarly, cookie dough must be measured carefully, being sure not to confuse baking powder with baking soda, while bacon is just thrown on a pan of some sort and doesn’t need a recipe whatsoever. so, why do we bake cookies and cook bacon?We bake cookies and cook bacon because the etymologies of the similar words are not alike, and, in the world of chefs, “baking” is used to describe the preparation of a precisely-measured, flour-based food in an oven, whereas “cooking” is used to describe preparing a food without specific guidelines on a hot surface of sorts. This post was suggested by Sabrina M. from Maryland. curious? Here's some more reading!
Well, you’re going to need more than just you to qualify. Some land might be a good starting point. Ok, then how does a country become a country?It has to be recognized as a country by other countries. So each country gets to choose what counTries exist?Basically. According to the US State Department website, the United States formally recognizes 195 independent states. However, this number differs from country to country and source to source, generally landing somewhere between 191 and 206. Wait, how many countries are there really?Again, this depends on what your country recognizes, but we can look at the United Nations for an idea of what countries are generally considered to be countries. There are currently 193 member states and 2 non-member observer states, giving us a grand total of 195 countries in the UN. Of those 195, 191 are undisputed, meaning everyone accepts their statehood. Statehood? I thought we Were talking about countries.Yes. The word “state” can be applied to countries just like the word “nation”. However, these two words have different meanings. According to the New Oxford American Dictionary, a state is “a territory considered as an organized political community under one government,” while a nation is “a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory.” To put it more simply, a unified government is a state, a unified peoples is a nation, and a country is the merging of the two. Therefore, undisputed statehood is when nobody argues against your right to govern. so, how might one reach this “undisputed statehood”?Well, there are some things that, according to history, it definitely helps to have: some land, a government, a good amount of people, an economic system, and an efficient military. For a good, safe example, let's look to the formation of none other than the great United States of America. Now, unless you slept through history class for the first fifteen years of your life, you are probably familiar with the story of the colonists who fought against the great English Empire to gain their freedom and become a sovereign state. And how did the united states reach this status?Politics. France was the first country to recognize the US in 1778, and it was mostly because the French hated the British and the colonists seemed to have a fighting chance. The French then helped with the revolution, followed by the Netherlands with their recognition of the US in 1782. Britain recognized the loss of its colonies to the new nation in 1783, quickly followed by Spain, who waited to recognize American independence to avoid the wrath of the British. but that's only four countries.And, at the time, those were the only four countries that mattered. So, it's all just a game of politics?Yes, but there are a few theories in international law about what a country should be. The two most common ones are the constitutive and declaratory theories of state creation. Care to elaborate?Certainly. The constitutive theory of state creation was the nineteenth-century standard for statehood. It states that the existence of a state is constituted by recognition by other states. However, it is unclear whether recognition is diplomatic recognition, or merely a recognition of existence. Because of these and a few other shortcomings, the declaratory theory of statehood was developed in the twentieth-century. The idea is that a state exists once it reaches a certain criteria (a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and a capacity to enter into relations with other states); any statement of recognition, therefore, is purely declaratory. So, which one do we use?Both and neither. International politics is messy. Only allowing statehood by recognition is ridiculous, especially since the definition of recognition is debatable. It would be absurd if anyone could start their own nation just by standing on a piece of land, claiming independence, and having an already-recognized state say something (see Sealand). The list of criteria offered by the declaratory theory is also vague (what constitutes as a government?). Yet, too much regulation could leave many countries worthy of statehood out of the picture. The line is fine and blurry. So, how do you qualify as a counTry?While there's no real method, generally the goal is to be recognized by other states, specifically the more powerful ones, by having a somewhat-defined territory, a population, a government, and the ability to deal with international affairs. (A good military/nuclear weapons don’t hurt, either!) CurIous? Here's some more information!
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